Calculating machine



Sept. 6, 1932.

R. HOFGAARD CALCULATING MACHINE Filed Jan. 25, 1924 8 Sheets-Sheet l Sept. 6, 1932' R. HOFGAARD CALCULATING MACHINE n. 1924 v 8 sneets-Sheet 2 1'" i 1 Sept. 6, 1932 R. HOFGAARD CALCULATING MACHINE Filed Jan. 25

1924 8 Sheets-Sheet 3 I gvj/ enrag y mw/ [40 p 9 Sept. 6, 1932. R. HOFGAARD CALCULATING MACHINE Filed Jan. 25, 1924 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 R. HOFGAARD CALCULATING MACHINE Sept. 6, 193 2.

8 Sheets-Sheet 6 jig/40m; y H0 00/ ,M m'QQ Ww y Filed Jan. 25, 1924 P 1932. R. HOFGAARD 1,876,294

CALCULATING MACHINE 4 Filed Jan. 25, 1924 8 Sheets-Sheet 7 v 1 I I Sept. 6, 1932. R HQFGAARD 1,876,294

CALCULATING MACHINE Filed Jan. 25, 1924 8 Sheets-Sheet 8 Sfage Fesu/f 7169272 4 670 Key 6' De 52sec! .32 5 fage K 5 Depms'sed 5/598 Ke 0 Depressed 12' 5 M98 lfey 2 on Vleyboaru fleprtssed eooooaeanoauuub ADDITION INVENTOR alf )[of'gaard wand. M 11d ATTORNEYS Patented Sept. 6,1932

UNITED STATES PATENT v ROLF HOFGAARD, OI IJAN, NEAR OSLO, NORWAY; ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS,-

TO HOFGAABD-BEMINGTON CORPORATION, OF NEW YORK,

DELAWARE This invention relates to calculating ma chines and has for one of its objects to provide a calculating machine based upon a new principle of operation wherein the calculating operations are effected electrically and the results of said calculating operations can be continuously recorded.

Another object of the invention is to provide a machine devoid of complicated and in:

tricate mechanical parts and one which is re-.

liable and efiicient in operation.

In accordance with the present invention I provide an electrically operated calculating machine having a number of circuit connections corresponding to a number of registering elements for connecting each key of a series of digit keys to a suitable registering element, the arrangements being suchthat the particular registering element thus connect ed, upon operation of any digit key, is controlled by the registring element actuated by a previously operated key. 7

In order that the invention may be more clearly understood and readily carried into efi'ect, reference may now be had to the accompanying drawings in which are illustrated by way of example what are now considered to be preferred embodiments of and method of carrying out the invention.

In the drawings Figs. 1a and 1?) illustrate in detail acircuit diagram for an addition machine;

Figs. 2a and 2b illustrate a similar circuit diagram of a machine for carrying out multiplication calculations;

Figure 3 illustrates the method of procedure followed when two four figure numbers are being multiplied;

Figure 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of the skeleton of a complete machine for performing the adding operation only, showing merely the relative arrangement of the essenti al parts of the mechanism with certain electric parts shown as mechanical elements for sake of simplicity;

Figure 5 illustrates aportion of the register strip used, for thepurpose of explaining the operation of the machine when setting the digits for addition;

N. Y., A CORPORATION OI CALCULATING macnmn Application nia .l'anuary 25, 1924, Serial no. seam, and in Norway February 6, 1923;

Figure 8 illustrates a developed portion oi the register strip, showing the perforations as resulting from the multiplication of the numbers indicated in Eigure 3.

An example of an electrically operated adding machine according to this invention will first be described'with reference to Fig 4.

In Fig. 4, A indicates the key board of the machine, which is provided with 10 keys representing the digits '12- 34 567-,- 8-90 and an extra key Ta. B is an elec-- trio battery. G is a typewriting apparatus or a digit indicating device for recording or ndicating the result of a calculating opera- 'tion and also includes keys representing the digits 123-4-56789-0. This apparatus, for example, may be a simple typewriter for recording the separate digits 0 9 and its keys may be automatically actuated by the calculating machine by means of electromagnets or the like, but may also be operated by hand for recording digits which have nothing to do with the calculating operation. D is a registering strip which in this case comprises a paperstrip, which moves, in the direction indicated by the arrow one step for each digit key depressed. The length of movement for each step is indicated by parallel horizontal lines. I

The strip cooperates with a series of registering elements (1, arranged side by side, one for each of the digits 12"345- 6-' 89-() as well as two extra registering elements M M for registering tens.

As will be seen from Fig. 4; the registering elements each comprise an electromagnet which acts on a double armed lever the other end of which'carries a rod 1 adapted to perforate the paper strip 1). v v v The paper'strip D runs on the rollers r, a the latter being driven'by a spring motor or the like t. The roller 8 carries at its other end a ratchet wheel u which cooperates with the double armed oscillatory escapement a:

'Whose other ends are which is actuated by the electromagnet y the circuit through which is completed each time one of the keys A is depressed. Energization of 3 as shown in the skeleton arrangement Fig. 4, is effected by means of the pivoted double armed lever 9 one end of which carries a contact 2, while the other end is provided with a cross rodm which is located directly under thekeys A.

The register further includes a series of contact members a, which may be in the form of springs, resting on the paper strip and making contact with a conductingsupport.

E, arranged underneath the strip, when a perforation presents itself and permits such contact. The conducting support E is connected to one lead of the battery B. The keys A, in the construction illustrated in Fig. 4, are seated on the ends of double armed levers (1, provided with sets of contact pins 71. on contact bars h.

By means ofthese sets of contact pins the ten leads of the conductor cable e, by depressing a digit key can be connected to the ten leads of the conductor cable g, in different combinations depending on the key that is depressed. I I

In the circuit diagram Figs. 1a and 1b, the circuit and parts for moving the paper strip D have been omitted in order to simplify the diagram. For the same reason the actual connection closed to battery B under each key of key board A are only indicated.

e ten parallel conductors forming the cables 6 and g are hereinafter referred to as digit lines. EAs shown in Figs. 1a and 1b, in actual practice, they are fanned out on each side of the multiple contact rods I respectively in certain arrangements, the digit lines 6 always in the same order for each key but the digit lines g -9 of cable gin a different order depending on the particular key with which associated. In this diagram the magnets of the register elements (l are merely shown diagrammatically as circles, while the contacts n are also only diagrammatically indicated.

As illustrated in Figs'la and 1b the keys A indirectly actuate the multiple contact rods I and each key when depressed closes the circuit of one of a series of electromagnets F 9 one of which isprovided for each of the digits 9-0. v The various electromagnets F are connected to one lead of the battery and are connected separately to the other lead by depressing the corresponding digit key.

Each electromagnet has an armature G as is indicated in connection with the electromagnet for key 1, and this armature is connected by a bell crank lever H to the multiple contact rod I.

' The digit lines 9 are connected to the various registering elements d, while the digit lines e are connected to the corresponding contact members a., Upon operation of the digit key 1, the two sets of ten conductors each as shown in the diagram Figs. 1a and 1b, are so connected that the contact lead 6 is connected to the register lead jg the contact lead 2 to the register lead 9 the contact lead 6 to the register lead 9 and so on, i. e. in such a manner that each of the contact leads is connected to the register lead for a digit which isl greater than the digit represented by the particular contact lead. I

Upon operation of digit key 2, connection is formed between the leads of the digit line in such a manner that each of the contact leads 6 is connected to a register lead 9 representing a digit which is 2 greater than the digit of the contact lead and so on in agreement with the circuit diagram as indicated in Figs. 1a and 16 To illustrate how these multiple contact rods operate in conjunction with the contact closures produced by the operation of the register elements, I will first describe the addition of two single digit numbers. Assume, for example, that it is desired to add the digits 3 andA.

In order to obtain a perforation representing the digit 4 in the paper strip D it is first necessary to set up the digit 0 as the circuits for any can only e closed by any of the keys A and the multiple contact rod I, when a contact porting plate E. Therefore before a perforation representing the digit 4 can be obtained it is necessary to effect a perforation by means.

by the lead T to the positive lead of the battery B and as the perforating member is permanently connected to the negative lead of the battery B the operation of the key T causesactuation of member d and a consequent perforation in the 0 column of strip D.

It is necessary for the perforation made in this manner to be brought under the contact member n and with this object in view the band D is moved forwards in the direction of the arrow. In the simplest manner this can be effected by repeatedly closing the contact Z (Fig. 4.) by tapping the Ta so that the ratchet wheel devicea: is moved by the magnet y and the roller 8 is rotated step by step by means of the spring motor t.

The machine diagrammatically laid out in Figs. 1a and 1b is intended for addition of numbers having eleven digits so the contacts erforating registering element d member a is already in contact with the supn are spaced eleven steps from the registertion,-and the contact member n to the contact lead e This will cause line c to be activated andvfollowing the 'digit line 0 it will be noted each extreme right hand lead running up to each multiple contact I will be activated.

If now the key on the keyboard A which represents the digit 4 is o erated/the multiple contact rod I controlled by the magnet F is operated and consequently contact lead v 6 which connects with the contact member n is connected to' the registering-element lead 9 whereby the registering element d, is supplied with current, as the various registering elements d, as will be seen in the diagram Figs. 1a and 1b, are permanently connected to the negative lead of the battery B. The

registering member d therefore perforates the paper strip in column 4.

The strip is thereupon again moved for- I wards by the repeated operation ofthe T.

( Fig. 4) to such aneXtent-ithat the perforatlon made by the registering element (13 comes under the contact membenm whereby the contact lead e is connected to the positive lead of the battery B and the digit line a;

activated. Thereupon the keyofthekeyboard A, representing the digit 3,is. operated and consequently the various digit lines e are connected to the registering element digit lines 9 by the multiple contactI, controlled by the electromagnet F As will be seen from the diagram, contact ,lead a; is thus connected to registering-element line 9 the registering element (Z is activated and consequently perforates the strip D. In this manner the total of the digits 3 and 4, which were to be added, is obtained on the strip D. I

If it is now desired to ermanently record this total the apparatus above referred to, may be used for thispurpose, it being constructed in the manner of a typewriter the keys of which are moved by electro-magnets c. The magnets a are separately connected to the negative lead of the battery B by means of the switch K. On the other hand, as

- illustrated, the magnet 0' for the digit 1 is connected to the contact member lead e by means of a lead 0 In the same manner the magnet c for the digit 2 is connected to the contact member lead 6 by means of the lead 0 and so on. K is closed, the magnets for the digits 1, 2 etc.,of the device C receive current as soon as the corresponding contact members 11 11, etc., are connected with the supporting 'moved forward in the manner a ove underneath the contact n If therefore the switch plate E through the perforations in the strip D, since the supporting late E is permanent- .4 can actuate the keys of a device similar to a typewriter or, if desired they may be used for'the purpose of indicating the number in a different way, as, for example, by means of illuminated figures, figured plates, and so forth. s

If now two multi-digit numbers are to be added it is first necessary to set up the first number, b suitable perforations, in the strip D. It is rst necessary by means: of the key T, to set as many noughts as the larger number has digits so that for each digit of the number a perforation will come under the contact n I If for example the 'lar est number has four digits then fouirnougit perforations. are formed in the strip D and the stri is then scribedfi'until the first nought perforation is Then a perforationcorresponding to the first digit of the multi-digit number, starting from the digit in the highest decimal position, is made in the strip by pressing on the corresponding digit key in the keyboard A.

When this operation has been completed,

the strip is moved forward so many ste s that the perforation representing the digit first introduced, comes under the corresponding contact member n, and thereupon. another digit, commencing from the highest decimal position, is introduced, taking care, by introducing noughts, the digit, that the digits come in the correct place in relation to those of the first digit. The machine then effects the addition in the same manner as above described, first for the highest decimal position of this number and then the lower decimal places of the number up to the units digit, and the total is registered by suitable perforations in the stri If for example, the numbers 1324 and 8573 are to be added four noughts are first set up'by means of the tabulator key T,,. Thereupon the digits of the first number are perforated in the sequence 1324, then the strip is moved until the perforation representing the digit 1 comes under the corresponding contact member n and then the digits of the second number are set up in the sequence 85-73, whereby 8 is added to 1', to 3, 2 to indicated above, the total 9897 being recorded by suitable perforations on the strip. The

if necessary, in front of 7, and 4 to 3 in the manner paper strip can be moved without perforating zeros by pressing the cross rod n2 directly instead of by means of the T. or digit keys.

In Fig. 5 a development of the strip D on which the perforations for the above mentioned calculating operation are carried out, is illustrated. The arrow on the left side of the strip D gives the direction of movement thereof. First come the four perforations n the 0 row. Then comes an interval of six steps, on the assumption that the interval between the registering members d and the contact members it amounts to 10 steps. Thencome the perforations for the digits 1, 3, 2 and 4 and then again unused steps.

The adding operation begins when the perforation in the row 1 has come under the contact member n Then actuation of the digit key 8 produces the perforation 9; actuation of the digit key 5, the perforation 8; and so on.v The dotted cross hnes indicated by n, and d indicate the relative position of the registering members d and the contact members 92.

If further numbers are to be added to the previous ones the strip is again moved in such a manner that the first perforation of the previous result 9897 comes under its corresponding contact member and thereupon the third number is set up in the machine in the same manner as above with the result that the complete total is registered by corresponding perforatiens 1n the strip.

The final total may be permanently recorded by connecting the apparatus C in circuit in the manner above described.

For the addition of two digits whose total is greater than 9, a transfer or carrying over operation is often necessary as in other calculating machines, and the construction and operation of a suitable transfer mechanism will now be described.

In each group of connections, between the contact leads e and the registering member leads 9, which are controlled by the electromagnets F F etc, an electromagnet 1n1 cated in Fig. 1 at L is connectedin circuit with those connecting leads representing digits which when added to other digits have a total greater than 9.-

As shown in detail in Fig. 6 the winding of each of the electromagnets is connected to its core and is also connected to the lines of e and by means of multiple contact I to g.

Each armature is connected in parallel to a lead N which is common to the various electromagnets L and which is connected to the tens registering element M When the line to which any magnet L is connected, -is connected in. circuit, by movement of the rod I to the right, the magnet attracts its armature, whereby a circuit is established through lead N to registering element M which is permanently connected the negative lead of the battery B similarly to the registeringelements d.

The magnets L are only connected to those leads appertaining to each key, which are connected to digit lines e representing digits which when added to the digit represented by a key depressed, give a total greater than 9.

If two digits, Whose total is greater than 9 are to be added the effect will be that the magnet L connected to the digit line of the number first set up will attract its armature and thus connect the registering element M with the current conducting lead for one of the two digits, whereby the registering element M is brought into operation and perforates the strip D.

The contact n which cooperates with the perforations made by the registering element M is arranged relative to strip D, just one step in advance of the other contact members n n n and this contact is thus closed simultaneously with the contact 11. for that digit which was registeredimmediately before the digit effecting operation of the registering element M The closing of the ten transfercontactmember 71... connects in circuit an electroinagnet 0 (Figs. 1a and 16) whose armature serves to move a switch P for each of the ten contact leads e e 6 When the electromagnet O is energized the switch P is simultaneously moved in such a manner that the contact membern is connected to the contact lead e The contact member n is connected to the contact lead 6 and so on, and the contact member n is connected to the lead e In other words, as the registering element of the tens transfer comes into operation, a digit, .WhlCll in the total is a decimal place above the two digits whose total is greater than 9, is registered.

.If for example the numbers 17 and 18 are to be added, the digit 1 and then the digit 7 is set up in the strip D in the manner indicated above. Then the strip is advanced so that the perforation representing the digit 1, comes under the corresponding contact member, and only then is the digit key 1, so depressed that the registering element d, makes..'a perforation. The strip D is then advanced until the 7 perforationcomes under contact member 12., and the digit key 8 is then operated with the result that registering element (i perforates the strip simultaneously with transfer registering element M If 7 now the strip D is advanced, for indicating the total, the perforation made by the registering element d comes under the contact member n at the same time as the perforation made by the transfer element M comes under the corresponding contact member n The digit 2 is consequently increased to 3 by means of the corresponding switch and the correct total 35 is obtained.

If a number isto be added to another number containing a number of nines in succession it is necessary to provide an arrangement whereby the transfer switch P comes into action at a decimal place-which is a number of decimal places in front of the digits which produce the tens adjustment.

If for example the digit 5 is to be added to the number 29997 the transfer switch P must not only be in action for the digit 9, which is directly in front of the digit 7, but also'for the three preceding digits 299. This is effected by the cooperation of the transfer element M and afurther transfer element M which in the adding machine is connected permanently to the line of the registering member d and is brought into operation each time the registering element d is actuated.

A series of contact members m shown in detail Fig. 7 also coact with the transfer element M in such a manner. that for each step,'through which the strip moves, a contact member is provided. All these contact members m are arranged over the same con: ducting support E which is connected to the positive leadof the battery B.

A series of contact members m coact with the transfer element M and each is conductively connected to the adjacent contact member m The contact members m in the series under transfer element M cooperate with contact plates R arranged under the strip and Each of these the adjacent contact member m which is positioned one step in advance relative to the strip Dfin the manner indicated in Fig. 7

The last contact member wt; in the series is; conductively connected to thelowermost contact member m r v If now the addition of the numbers 29997 and 5, above referred to, is to be effected, the procedure is as follows The tabulator key T is depressed as many times as there-are digits in the first number which is to be set upfin other words, five times. Thereby the registering member d produces a row of five nought perforations.

'Then the strip D is advanced until the first nought perforation comes under the ought contact member n Thereupon the digit key 2is depressed, whereby the registering element (Z is connected in circuit as hereinbefore described and -makes a perforation. Then the digit key 9 is depressed whereby a perforation is made by the registering element cl and simultaneously by thetransfer element M This is repeated twice'and finally the digit key 7 is depressed whereby the registering member (1 makes a corresponding perforation. The number 29997 is now perfor ated on the strip and simultaneously adjacent each nine perforation a perforation has been made by the transfer element M The first perforation corresponding to digit 2 is.

now brought under the contact m by the movement of the stri D and the digit ey 0 is depressed as the sigit 5, which is to be added to the number previously set up does not contain higher digits than units; The first four digits of the total consequently remain unchangedfor the time being as 2999. The seven perforation is now under its contact n, and the di it key 5 is depressed with the result that t 1e recording member d makes a perforation simultaneously with that of the transfer element M In order to indicate the result obtained by thisaddition the-strip D is thereupon further advanced until the first perforation i. e. that made by the registering element d comes under its contact member. At the same time connection is made between the supporting plate E and that one of the supporting plates R, in the series M which is one step in advance of the perforation which has been made into the lead of the transfer magnet 0 (Figs. 7

1a and 1b) and this is actuated so that instead of the digit 2 the digit 3 is registered as the first digit. 7

In connection with the next digit perforation-which comes under its contact member, the transfer device acts in exactly the same manner and the three nines are tlfus changed to noughts and there is obtained, the correct total 30002. 7

. In order to subtract with-the machine two reversing operations must be made, namely, (1) that by means :ofthe reverser S (Figs 1a and 1b) a reversing of the uppermost set of .ten leads from the registering elements to the contact elements and at the same time of the lowermost set of leads from the contact elements to the registering elements, as shown in dotted lines, and (2) the registering transfer element M must be brought from the 9 lead and connected into the 0 lead, as indi-- cated by the dotted lines at the reverser T After these operations, which of course,

are readily-performed through proper mechllo anism, the machine operates to subtract, the. I

last number set up from the first one, instead of adding it thereto. The transfer of the decimals to the figures in front of the several units takes place in the same manner as in addition, with the exception that the ,decimal element M on subtraction, is connected in with the registering element of the 0 and, hence, always makes a perforation at the same time as a registering element d makes one.

For the remainder, a more detailed descriptionof the operation is'unnecessary for sub-' traction, as this is identical with that for addition.

On the basis of the same principle as that on which this adding machine is based, it is possible to construct a machine which will operate for multiplication processes and a circuit diagram of such a machine is shown 'in Figs. 2a and 26.

Whereas in the adding machine according to Figs. 1a and 1b a set of twenty leads is used, of .which the lower ten 0 can be connected to the upper ten 9 by means of ten different parallel connections of multiple contact rods I, four such sets will be required in a machine which is required to effect multiplication and division operations wherein the first two, I and II effect the addition of the partial products and the other two, III and IV (Figs. 2a and 2b) effect the formation of the partial product by multiplication.

In order not to make the figure unnecessarily complicated each cable of ten leads is indicated in this figure by a heavy line whereas {he separate leads are indicated by lighter mes.

Each of the sets I-IIIII-IV will hereinafter be referred to as a stage, andstage I in Figs. 2a and 2b is identical with the addition stage in Figs. 1a and 1b and serves the same purpose when the machine is used for addition purposes.

In order to explain the use of the remaining stages reference may be had to Fig. 8 in which a multiplication of two multi-digit numbers is illustrated.

This multiplication is carried out in the known manner in such a way that each of the digits of the multiplicand is first multiplied by the first digit of the multiplier whereupon the four products thus obtained are added together.

As the product of two single digit numbers can never have more than two places it will be'noted that the total of these single products can be obtained in all cases by means of a series of simple additions.

Thereupon the various digits of the multiplicand are multiplied by the next digit of the multiplier and the series of one or two digit numbers which are thus obtained are added to the above mentioned total. Hereby are obtained a larger or smaller number of double additions (for example 7 +5+2) for carrying out which there is used in addition to the first mentioned addition stage I, a further addition stage II which is arranged in exactly the' same manner as the addition stage I.

To the total obtained by these additions there is again added the series of single or double digit products obtained by multiplying the multiplicand with the next digit of the multiplier, and so on.

As will be seen the necessitynever arises in the case of -two multi-digit numbers to make more than two simultaneous additions as it is only necessary to add the tens of a two.digit product to the units of another two digit product and the total of these digits to one of the digits of a previously calculated product.

The single product of two single digit numbers is formed by means of the two multiplication stages III, IV. The circuit arrangement in the multiplication stage III is so arranged that if for example the digit 5 has been set up in the register as multiplicand and brought under the corresponding contact member by moving the strip, the depression of the multiplying key 7 connects in circuit a registering element which corresponds with the units in the product 5X7 =35, i. e. the registering element 5.

The multiplication stage IV is so arranged that when depressing a multiplication key, for example 7 the registering element of that particular digit is switched in which corresponds with the tens in the product between the digit perforated on the strip (therefore in this numerical example 5 X 7 the number 5) and the digit corresponding with the key, therefore in this case the registering element for the digit 3. In this manner the two multiplication stages III and IV are used for effecting the multiplication.

The action of the keys on the various circuits of the stages I-IIIIIIV is exactly the same as that explained in connection with the description of Figs. 1a and 1?), but in 1 the machine in .Figs. 2a and 2?) two sets of ten digit keys are provided of which the left hand set V serves to influence the two multiplication stages III and IV whereas the right hand set serves to influence the stage I.

The strip with the corresponding perforators and contact members is the same in principle as that described in connection with Figs. 1a and 16 but differs from Figs. 1a and 1b in that two sets of registering 'elements and contacts are provided, the right hand set d, and 71., respectively 'of which cooperates with the multiplication stages III, IV, and the left hand set (1 and m with the addition stage I. v

The right hand part of the recording band serving to control the multiplication stages III, IV is provided with two rows of contact members m, arranged one behind the other, making two for each digit. The first of these contact members n controls the multiplication stage IV, which calculates the tens in a two digit single product, and the other n controls the multiplicationstage III which calculates the units in a two digit single product.

In Figs. 2a and 2b as was explained in connection with'Figs. 1a and 16, various parts, as'tho se opening the strip andcon- 'tacts directly closed by the keys have been omitted, as have the transfer magnets L in the adding stage and the magnets of the registeriu g elements and the contacts they control,

are'again only indicated diagrammatically, all in the interests of simplicity and clear- REFS.

It is to be noted that the lower row of contacts n are directly connected when perforations reach them, back to respective reg- 2?) will best be understood from the follow description of the multiplication of the numbers 3487 and 2056, the result on strip D can be seen in Fig. 8 for each stage of the tion.

The multiplicand 3487 is first set up in the multiplication part of strip D indicated D,. First enter zero perforations in multiplication register and then the digits of 3487 :o as to get in all eleven perforationsin multiplication register 00000003487. This is done by closing key T and tappin the respective keys of the multiplication At the same time key T of keyboard A is tapped so as to get a continuous volume of nought perforations in the addition part of register D of strip D. This last operation, of course, may ta e place automatically by any convenient means, the strip moving forward one step for each perforation. Now opening key T and tapping key T, of keyboard A until perforation corresponding to digit 3is under its contact a There is now a nought perforation at n and the the machine is ready for the multiplying operation.

Now depressing key 2 of keyboard V and maintaining it in depressed condition, a current is closed from battery through 2 line to contact magnets F in stages III and IV and back to battery and contact magnets F calculaoperate their multiple contact rods so as to close the multiple contacts which they con-' trol. As there is a nought perforation under j contact n,,, and a perforation under con-' trunk e is under current, the circuit is closed through the multiple contact. controlled'by magnet F in stage II to zero line in trunk o and through magnet F in stage I and back to battery thus energizing Iceyboard V. p

. X magnet F in stage I. Y Now as a nought perforation is under the nought contact in addi tion register D a circuit is closed from contact plate E through the zero line of trunk 6 and from there through the zero line of multiple contact controlled by magnet F in stage I over zero line in trunk 9 and from there through the nought registering elements in addition register D back to battery causing said registering elements to make a'perforation.

When this perforation has been made the strip is advanced onestep bringing the 3 perforation in multiplication register D u'nder its contact a and the 4 perforation under its-contact a A circuit is now closed through the 3 line of trunk em and the 4 line of 6 The 3 line current will pass through multiple contact 3 in stage III operated by F to the 6 line of trunk g then to the 6 line oftrunk e The current in 4 line of e will pass througlrmultiple contact in stage IV operated by F to the zero line g and through magnet F in stage II back to battery energizing said magnet so that multiple contact zero in stage II is again closed. The current in line 6 of trunk e will pass through this m'ultiple contact onto the 6 line of trunk f and through magnet F in stage I back to battery. energizing said magnet so as to close' the multiple contacts controlled thereby. As there is a nought perforation under its contact in the addition register (1 a current will ribbon is again advanced one step as before.

Now the 4 perforation in multiplication register is under its contact a and the 8 perforation under its contact a Current may, therefore, ass through the 4 lineof e through multip e "contact of F in stage III to line 8 in trunk g and line-8 in trunk e Current may also pass through the 8 line of e through multiple contact of F in stage IV to the l line in g and further on to the 1 line in trunk-f through multiple contact operating magnet f in stage II and, back to battery energizing said magnet so as to close the multiple contacts controlled thereby. The current in line 8 of 'e will pass through the said multiple contact to the 9 line off g and then 9 line of f;' energizing the contact magnet in stage I and back to battery. As there is still a nought under the nought contact in the addition register d current will pass through. the zero line of 6 throughmultiple conta'ctcontrolledby magnet f, in stage I to the 9 line in trunk 9 through registering element 9 in addition register (left side of strip and back to battery energizing said registering element so that a 9 perforation is made whereupon the strip is again advanced one step as before. 7

This brings the 8 perforation in the multiplication register under its contact n l and the 7 perforation under its contact n The currents in the 8 and 7 lines e and respectively will pass in the same manner as above described through the closed multiple contacts of F 2 in stages III and IV to the 6 line in trunk e and the 1 line in trunk f and as another current energizes magnet f in stage II the first current will pass through multiple contact of F in stage II to the 7 line in trunks g and f closing circuit over multiple contact 7 of F 7 in stage I. There being still a zero perforation under the corresponding contact in addition register, the current from battery will pass through contact plate E, zero contact of addition register,

zero line in trunk 6 multiple contact 7 of F- of stage I, the 7 line in trunk 9 and then through registering element 7 in addition register left side of strip causing said element to form a perforation and back to battery,

and the strip advance one step as before.

This further advancement of the strip has brought the perforation in column 7 underthe contact a At the same time there is a zero perforation under its corresponding contact in the addition register. \Vith 7 perforation under its contact in the line n, there is a circuit closed from battery over E to the 7 line in trunk 6 whereby the multiple contacts 7 in the stage III are energized. At the multiple contact bar operated by magnet F the circuit is closed over the contact 7 to the 4 line in {7111 and consequently to the 4 contacts in the stage II across the respective contact there to the 4 line in f energizing the magnet F 4 in stage I the 4 line in g being active as the zero perforation under n,., has caused the O line in c to be active, and thereby activated O line in g -'and the consequent actuation of magnet F in stage II. There being a naught perforation as stated before inthe' addition register under its contact, circuit on the other side is made through the 0 line in trunk 6 to the 0 contacts in stage I which in the group of multiple contacts controlled by F will close the circuit over the line 4 in 9 down through the registering element 4 to cause a perforation in that particular column, the circuit going back to the battery through the common negative lead of the registering element.

Theref has now been perforatedon the strip on the addition side the first partial product 6974. The a paratus is now ready for the operation of th multiplying problem involving the -depression of the digit key 0 of the keyboard V, Such depression obviously will merely cause a stepping forward of the whole strip wheree second stage of the by the number 3487 is again set upon the multiplication side as before and also the perforations representing number 6974 will also be repeated, but this time one step in advance of the perforations with which they were parallel heretofore, see particularly Fig. 8.

Multiplication with the'next digit 5 of the multiplier 2056 may now be effected by 'holding down the key 5 of the keyboard V, resulting in setting up on the addition side of the register the next partial product 714835. The respective perforations for this product comprise a perforation in the 6 and in the M column equalling 7; next a perforation in the 0 column together with the perforation M column representing 1; then a perforation in the 4 column followed by perforations in the 8, 3 and 5 columns respectively, see Fig. 8. I

The strip meanwhile has again stepped for- -ward with a repetition of the multiplicand 3487 on the multiplication side of the register so as to be ready for the next. stage, namely the multiplication with the digit 6,

The multiplication with the digit 6 results in perforations in the strip on the addition side for the final result 7169272. The perforations for this result comprise first a perforation in the 7 column; then a perforation in the .1 column; then a perforation in the 5 column together with a perforation in the M column; next perforation in the 8 column together with a perforation M then a perforation in the 1 column together with a perforation M and finally perforation in the 7 and 2 columns respectively. It is to be 'recalled as explained in the addition device that a perforation in the M column due to the transfer mechanism gives a final figure one higher than the perforation with which it is associated. Thus the perforation in the '5 column together with the M perforation equals 6, while 8+M equals- 9, and 1+M equals 2.

The operation of the transfer mechanisms M and M have been set forth in detail in connection with the description of the pure I addition device Figs. 1a and 1b and it is not believed necessary to repeat description of their operatlon again.

breaking the feed-back circuit connection between trunk e and elements d, by

means of switch 'MS normally closed, and

advancing the strip by tapping key --T,

until all perforations relating to the multipliby the reverses S and T8, (see Figs. 1a

cation problem just performed, are out from beneath the contacts.-

In order to use the machine for division, the dividend is first set up on the side of strip D, in the usual manner, and the divisor set up on the multiplication side in the same man ner as the multiplicand in multiplying. If the divisor is' 02056, 0 thus comes under its second contact element, 2 under its first contact element, etc.. If the dividend, for exampie is 7169272, care is taken that the first figure of the dividend, as 7, comes simultaneously under its contact element, and the following figures in corresponding steps.

When the dividend and divisor have simultaneously assumed their above described positions in their parts of D, the adding stage I is reversed, (carried over) to'subtraction, and

When this is done, the 9 key of the multiplying keyboard V is depressed, whereby the two first figures of the divisor are multiplied by 9 and the product subtracted from the first figure of the dividend. When the said product is greater than the first figure of the dividend, the decimal contact in the register device indicates this, and it is seen that it is nine times too much, and that thus the first figure in the quotient is less than 9.

y The operation is the same with 8-7'-65 etc., until a figure is reached, at which there is no indication of the decimal magnet, when a figure greater than 0 is perforated on the strip. The product of the divisor corresponding to the'depressed key is necessarily smaller than the dividend, and is automatically substracted therefrom. The same operation is repeated in exactly the same manner with the remainder of the dividend until, in this same manner, as many figures are found in the quotient as can be used.

Instead of first depressing the 9 key, the 8 key, is used, etc., in order to find the figure of thequotient. Use may be made, of course, of an automatic finder, which depresses the keys from 9 down, and is automatically held in position when, after subtraction, there is no indication on the decimal magnet. This can be done by having the automatic finder driven step by step, each time, by a decimal magnet when the latter is actuated.

Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is 1. An electrically operated calculating machine comprising two sets of digit lines,

registering elements arranged to be operated by current in corresponding lines of one set. means adapted to be conditioned by said registering elements to represent numbers,

contact members controlled by said means for closing the lines in the other set, and selectively operable means for interconnectingsaid sets. 1

2. An electrically operated calculating machinecomprising a Flurality of registering elements, a series '0 digit keys, means for causing the operation of a particular registering element which is operated upon actuation of a digit key, by the closing of a contact through means operated upon by a registering element which has been operated by a previously actuated digit key.

3. A- machine according to claim 1, in which the means conditioned by the registering elements c'omprisesa movable strip adj acent the contact members, in which actuation of the registering elements makes perforations, and in which strip the contact members cooperate with the said perforations to connect the contact members to a source of potential.

4. An electrically operated calculating machine comprising a series of digit keys, a

plurality of registering elements, a plurality of corresponding registering element leads, a plurality of contact members, a plurality of correspondin leads connected thereto, a

movable strip a jacent the contact members, actuation of the registering elements operating to perforate the strip, the contact members cooperating with the perforations produced in the strip to permit connection of the contact member leads to a source of potential,

, connection means for the digit keys whereby operation of any digit key connects each contact member lead with a corresponding registering element lead, said connection means being arranged so that each contact member lead is connected with a registering element lead representing a digit higher in value than the contact lead, by the amount represented by the particular digit key operated.

5. An electrically operated calculating machine comprising a series of digit keys, a plurality of registering elements, a plurality of corresponding registerin element leads, a plurality of contact members, a plurality of corresponding leads connected thereto, a movable strip adjacent the contact members, in which actuation of the registering elements operates to perforate the strip, the contact members cooperating with the perforations produced in the strip to permit connection of the contact members leads to a source of po-.

tential, connection means for the digit keys whereby operation of any digit key connects each contact member lead with a corresponding registering element lead, an electromagnet for each digit key energized upon opera- III tion of its key, an armature for each magnet,

and means operable by said armature to establish the said connections between the leads of the registering elements and the leads of the contact members.

the digit keys whereby operation of any,

digit key connects each contact lead with a corresponding registering element lead, said connection means being arranged so that each contact lead is connected with a registering element lead representing a. di 't higher in value than the contact lead, y the amount represented by the particular digit key operated, an electromagnet for 7 each digit key energized upon operation of its key, an armature for each magnet, and means operable by each armature to establish the said connections between the leads of the registerin elements and the leads of. the contact mem ers.

7. A11 electrically operated calculating machine comprising a seriesof digit keys, a plurality of registering elements, a plurality of corresponding registering element leads, a plurality of contact members, a lurality of corresponding leads connected t ereto, a movable strip adjacent ,the contact members,

in which actuation of the registering ele ments operates to perforate the strip, the

, contact members cooperating with the'perforations produced in the strip to permit connection of the contact member leads to a source of potential, 2. tabulator key for actuating the 0 registering element,'means for moving the strip to position to permit the corresponding 0 contact member to place its lead in connection with a source of potential, and means, upon actuation of a digit key corresponding to a number to be set up on the strip, operating to place the 0 contact member lead and the registering element corresponding to the actuated digit key, in series circuit with each other, thus actuating such registering element and perforating the stri 8. A machine according to claim 1, having a main transfer mechanism comprising means for altering the normal order of sequence of the said other set of digit lines, and means for automatically bringing the mechanism into operation, when the calculation involves a decimal transfer.

r 9. A machine according to claim 2, having a plurality of corresponding regisl ring element leads, a plurality of contact members, a plu'rality of corresponding leads connected thereto, a main transfer mechanism, 4

Vmeans for automatically bringing the mechresponding armatures actuated upon enerm gization of the electromagnets and connected to a main transfer registering element, correspondlng main transfer contact member, and means whereby the transfer contact member completes a circuit with a source of potential over a lead one step in advance, of the digit contact members, whereby to automatically effect necessary decimal transfers.

10. A machine according to claim 2, in which the means operated upon by the registering elements is a strip whiclfis perforated upon operation of the registering elements, a plurality of corresponding registering element leads, a plurality of Contact members, a plurality of corresponding leads connected thereto, a main transfer mechanism, means for automatically bringing the mechanism into operation, when the calculation involves a decimal transfer, the main transfer mechanism including, electromagnets connected to the contact member leads, corresponding armatures actuated upon energization of the electromagnets and connected to a main transfer registering-element, a corresponding main transfer contact member, and means whereby the transfer contact 'member completes a circuit with a source of potential over a. lead one step in advance, of the digit contact members, whereby to automatically effect necessary decimal transfers, actuation of the main transfer registering elements perforating the strip, and a series of main transfer contact members positioned to cooperate successively with such perforation.

11. A machine according to claim 2, in which the means operated upon by the registering elements is a strip which is perforated upon operation of the registering elements, a plurality of corresponding registering element leads, a plurality of contact members, a plurality of corresponding leads connected thereto, a main transfer mechanism, means for automatically bringing the mechanism into operation, when the calculation involves a decimal transfer, the main transfer mechanism including, electromagnets connected to the contact member leads, corresponding armatures actuated upon energization of the electromagnets and connected to a main transfer registering element, a correspondin g main transfer contact member, and means wherebythe transfer contact member completes a circuit with a source of potential over a lead one step in advance, of the digit contact members, whereby to automatically eflect necessary decimal transfers, actuation of the main transfer registering element perforating the strip, and a series of main transfer contact members positioned to cooperate. successively with such perforation, a second transfer mechanism, including, insulated contact plates each connected respectively to a main transfer contact member which is one step in advance thereof, and a series of seccoacting with the insulated plates.

ond transfer mechanism contact members 12. A machine according to claim 2; in which the means operated upon by the registeringelements is a strip which is perforated upon operation of the'registering elements, a plurality of corresponding registering element leads, a plurality of contact members, a plurality of corresponding leads c'onnectedthereto, a main transfer mechanism, means for automatically bringing the mechanism into operation, when the calculation involves a decimal transfer, the main transfer mechanism including, electromagnets connected to the contact member leads, corresponding armatures actuated upon energization of the electromagnets and connected to'a main transfer registering element, a corresponding main transfer contact'member, means whereby the transfer contact completes a circuit with a source of potential over a lead one step in advance, of the digit contact members, whereby to automatically effect necessary decimal transfers, actuation of the main transfer registering element perforating the strip, a series of main transfer contact members positioned to cooperate successively with such perforation, means whereby those leads which were previously connected with the registering elements can be connected to the contact members, and vice-versa, and a device whereby the second transfer mechanism contact element can be connected to the 0 contact lead instead of to the 9 contact lead, for the purpose specified.

' 13. An electrically operated calculating machine, comprising the combination of a series of addition digit keys, aseries of multiplication digit keys, a plurality of registering elements, two groups of leads cooperating with the addition digit keys, two groups of leads cooperating with the multiplication digit keys, the groups of leads being arranged upon operation of a digit key to actuate a re' istering element, the addition digit; keys being so connected to certain of the registering elements that the registering element last connected with an addition digit key is controlled upon operation of such a digit key, by the closing of contacts through means operated upon by the registering element actuated by a previously operated digit key, and the imultiplication digit keys being so connected to other of the registering elements, that the result given by operation of any multiplication digit key is equal to the and means operable by one of said armature 1 means to establish the said connections between the sets of lines to the digits of a numerical system, means 2'.

product of the numerical values of such key and of the registering element actuated by a previously operated multiplication key.

15. In an electrical calculating machine the combination of means for efiecting an electrical calculating operation under electrical cyclical control comprising a plurality of sets of electrical lines each set of which represents the series of digits of a numerical system and means for interconnecting lines of said sets, mechanical means'for rendering said interconnecting means operative, and electrical means for operating said mechanical means.

16. In an electrical calculating machine, the combination of at least three sets of electrical lines each of equal number and means for interconnecting lines of two of said sets according ,to-mathematical functions, a register device connected to control said interconnecting means over one of said two sets of lines, and a set of digit keys connected to said interconnectingmeans over the third set of lines, said register and said digit keys being adapted to furnish respective numbers Whose mathematical combination is desired to said interconnecting means, and the other of said two sets of lines being adapted to receive impulses representative of said mathe matical combinations.

" 17. In an electric calculating machine, the combination of a first set of lines, a second set of lines, a set of electrically operated units equal in number to the number of one "of said sets of lines, a plurality of groups of electrical contacts for interconnecting said oflines being connected to said digit keyboard and to said electrically operated units controlling said groups of contacts.

18. In a device of, the character described,

two sets of digit lines each equal in number .i

for interconnecting said sets in accordance with mathematical functions and comprising a plurality of electrical relays equal in number to the number of lines in the firstof said sets and each of said relays operating, a

plurality of contacts equal in number to the lines of the second of said sets, and a register device comprising a plurality of electrically operated members actuated by current in respectively corresponding linesof one set and said interconnected lines of said other set for determining the subsequent closing of contacts for closing the lines of the other set.

19. In a device of the character described, two sets of digit lines each equal in number to the digits of a numerical system, means for interconnecting said sets in accordance with mathematical functions and comprising a plurality of electrical relays equal in number to the number of lines in the first of said sets andeach of said relays operating a plurality of contacts equal in number to the lines of the second of said sets, a register device comprising a plurality of electrically operated members actuated by current in respectively corresponding lines of one set and said interconnected lines of said other set for determining the subsequent closing of contacts for closing the lines of the other set, and recording means operable by currentimpulses in the lines of said last mentioned set.

20. In an electrical calculating machine the combination with electrical calculating means, digit representing control means for entering desired digit values into said machine, and digit contacts adapted to control current impulses, of a sheet of material having predetermined physical characteristics adapted to control the current flow from a suitable source of potential through said contacts inaccordance with and pursuant to said predetermined characteristics, said sheet co-. operating with said digit representing means for jointly initiating and controlling the opcrating cycle of said machine.

21. In an electrical calculating machine the combination with electrical calculating means, digit representing control means for entering desired digit values into said machine, and digit contacts adapted to control current impulses to said calculating means, of a sheet of material having predetermined physical characteristics adapted to control 1 the current flow from a suitable source of the combination with two sets of digit lines,

potential through said contacts in accordance with and pursuant to said predetermined characteristics, said sheet cooperating with said digit representing means for jointly controlling the operating cycle of said machine. 22. In an electrical calculating machine,

calculating means comprising a plurality of relay operated devices for interconnecting certain of said lines according to mathematical functions, and contacts in circuit with certain ofsaid lines, of an element having predetermined physical characteristics representing digit values of respective denominational orders corresponding to a given numerical value, said element being adapted to control certain of said contacts according to its predetermined characteristics, and said controlled contacts serving to introduce the numerical value represented by said element into said calculating means.-

23. In an electrical calculating machine, the combination with two sets of digit lines,

calculating means comprising a plurality of tics representing digit values of respective denominational orders corresponding to a given numerical value, said sheet being adapted to control certain of said contacts according to its predetermined characteristics, and said controlled contacts serving to introduce the numerical value represented by said sheet into said calculating means.

24. In an electrical calculatingmachine,the combination of a plurality of sets of digit lines, calculating means under electrical cyclical control and comprising a plurality of re lay operated devices for interconnecting certain of said lines according to mathematical functions and adapted to furnish resultant electrical impulses representative of digit values of respective denominational orders,

electrically controlled means corresponding to respective digit values for altering the physical characteristics of a physical medium, and means operated in accordance with and pursuant to said resultant electrical impulses for operating said last means.

25. In an electrical calculating machine,

the combination of a plurality of sets of digit lines, calculating means comprising a plurality of relay operated devices for interconnecting certain of said lines according to mathematical functions'and adapted to furnish resultant electrical impulses representative of digit values of respective denominational orders, a plurality'of punches corresponding to respective digit values for punching holes in a piece of material, and means controlled by said resultant electrical impulses for punching holes in said piece of material in accord ance with digit yalues of respective denominational orders.

26. In an electrically operated calculating machine, the combination of punches, register magnets for operating the punches, ailine connecting one pole of each magnet to one side of an electrical source of energy, a line extending from the other pole of each magnet, a plurality of sensing elements, a line extending from each sensing element, means for moving record material under the punches and sensing elements, a conducting plate lo-' III 

